Verbs
__________________________________
Stative
verbs || Active
verbs || Examples of verb inflection ||
Active transitive
Reflexive || Reciprocal
|| Benefactive ||
Enclictics || Word order in
sentences
|
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In this section:
Stative
verbs || Active verbs
Examples of verb inflection
Active transitive || Reflexive
|| Reciprocal || Benefactive
Enclictics || Word
order in sentences
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|| Verbs
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Words without a visible accent are stressed on the second syllable.
Many thanks to Konstantin Hmelnitski for his kind collaboration.
| ____________________________________________________ Stative verbs ____________________________________________________ |
| thánka large |
cík'ala small |
hánska long |
ptécela short |
| shóka thick |
zibzipela thin |
suta firm/hard |
cocola soft |
| lúzahan swift |
iwashtegla slow |
spanyan wet |
púza dry |
| washte good |
shíca bad |
wakhan sacred |
t'a dead |
| ksápa wise |
witko(tko) foolish |
skúya tasteful |
pha bitter |
| mashte hot |
kháta warm |
oluluta feeling hot |
chuwita feeling cold |
| sápa black |
ska white |
h^óta gray |
san whitish |
| shápa dirty |
sóta not fully transparent |
lúta red-hot |
sha red |
| ghi brown/rusty |
zi yellow |
tho green/blue |
osni cold (weather) |
| ____________________________________________________ Active verbs ____________________________________________________ |
| ni to live |
thi to dwell |
thun to give birth |
un
to be, to use |
| yúta to eat (v.t.) |
wóta to eat (v.i.) |
yatkan
to drink |
omna to smell |
| eya to say |
iya to speak |
oyaka to tell |
woglaka to talk |
| iyungha to ask |
ayupta to answer |
shi to order |
nah^'un to hear |
| nah^ma to hide |
ole,
akhita to seek |
iyeya to find |
wanyanka to see |
| iyopheya to sell |
ophethun to buy |
egnaka to put |
epat'an to touch |
| owa to write |
yawa to read |
ech(a)-in to think |
slolya to know |
| ech(a)-un to do |
kágha to make |
shkan to move, to act |
okihi to be able to do |
| oh^'an to behave |
chin to want |
kinica to need |
yuha to have |
| yunka to recline |
íyotaka to sit down |
yanka to sit, to be |
nájin to stand up |
| máni to walk |
núni to wander |
ínyanka to run |
slohan to crawl |
| ya to go there |
u to come here |
i to arrive there |
hi to arrive here |
| gla to go home |
ku to come home |
gli to arrive home |
khi to arrive home (there) |
| k'u to give |
yuha to possess |
icu to take, to receive |
manun to steal |
| lowan to sing |
iha
to smile |
ih^áta
to laugh |
wachi to dance |
| h^'okha to drum/sing |
psica to jump |
asnikiya to rest, to vacation |
shkáta to play, to celebrate |
| nuwan to swim |
kinyan to fly |
istima to sleep |
chéya to cry |
| yutitan to pull |
patitan to push |
igluzica to stretch |
épazo to point at |
| yushínya to scare or surprise |
khute to shoot |
o to hit |
shutha to miss |
| kte to kill |
h^a to bury |
lochin to be hungry |
í(ma)puza to be thirsty |
| khúja to be sick |
wíshteca to be shy |
iyo(ma)kshica to be sad or lonesome |
canzeke to be angry |
|
____________________________________________________ |
|
Active
transitive
|
||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
...kill
me
|
...kill
us
|
...kill
you
|
...kill
you (many)
|
...kill
him/ her
|
...kill
them
|
||||||||||||||
|
I...
|
—
|
—
|
chikte
|
chiktepi
|
wakte
|
wichawakte
|
||||||||||||||
|
I
& you...
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
unnikte
|
unkte
|
wichunkte
|
||||||||||||||
|
we...
|
—
|
—
|
unniktepi
|
unniktepi
|
unktepi
|
wichunktepi
|
||||||||||||||
|
you
(one)...
|
mayakte
|
unyaktepi
|
—
|
—
|
yakte
|
wichayakte
|
||||||||||||||
|
you
(many)...
|
mayaktepi
|
unyaktepi
|
—
|
—
|
yaktepi
|
wichayaktepi
|
||||||||||||||
|
he/she...
|
makte
|
unktepi
|
nikte
|
niktepi
|
kte
|
wichakte
|
||||||||||||||
|
they...
|
maktepi
|
unktepi
|
niktepi
|
niktepi
|
kte'pi
|
wichaktepi
|
||||||||||||||
|
Reflexive
ic'i
— 'himself; for himself'
|
||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
...kill
for me
|
...kill
for us
|
...kill
for you
|
...kill
for you
(many) |
...kill
for him/
her |
...kill
for them
|
|
I...
|
—
|
—
|
chícikte
|
chíciktepi
|
wécikte
|
wichawecikte
|
|
I
& you...
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
unnicikte
|
unkicikte
|
wichunkicikte
|
|
we...
|
—
|
—
|
unniciktepi
|
unniciktepi
|
unkiciktepi
|
wichunkiciktepi
|
|
you
(one)...
|
miyecikte
|
unyeciktepi
|
—
|
—
|
yécikte
|
wichayecikte
|
|
you
(many)...
|
miyeciktepi
|
unyeciktepi
|
—
|
—
|
yéciktepi
|
wichayeciktepi
|
|
he/she...
|
mícikte
|
unkiciktepi
|
nícikte
|
níciktepi
|
kícikte
|
wichakicikte
|
|
they...
|
míciktepi
|
unkiciktepi
|
níciktepi
|
níciktepi
|
kíciktepi
|
wichakiciktepi
|
|
____________________________________________________ |
| Verb + | Use | Lakhota example | English meaning |
|
|
shkáta |
to play | |
| han | -ing, cont. imperfective | shkáta han pi | they are/were playing |
| pi | plural animate | shkáta pi | they play(ed) |
| la | endearing, "little one" | shkáta pi la s'a | the little ones play regularly |
| ka/kin | sort of, somewhat | ||
| kta/kte | futurity, unreality | shkáta hin kte shni | they will not be playing |
| shni | not | shkáta hin kte shni | they will not be playing |
| s'a | usually, habitually | shkáta pi la s'a | the little ones play regularly |
| he/hwo | question | shkátin kta he? | will (s)he play? |
| yo/ye | imperative | shkáta
yo! shkáta ye! |
play!
(man speaking) play! (woman speaking) |
| po/pe | imperative | shkáta
po! shkáta pe! |
play!
(man speaking to many) play! (woman speaking to many) |
| yelo/kshto | affirmation, it is a fact | shkáte
yelo shkáte kshto |
(s)he
plays/played (man speaking) (s)he plays/played (woman speaking) |
|
____________________________________________________ |
| Exclam. |
Vocative |
Adverb(s) |
Subject |
Object,
ind. |
Object,
dir. |
Adverb(s) |
Verb |
Enclictic(s) |
| Itho | misun | h^tálehan | John | Mary | mázaska | witkotkoya | k'u | weló |
| Well, | brother, | yesterday | John | to Mary | money | foolishly | gave | (it's a fact) |
_______________________________________________________
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